Brands of copper wires and cables: markings, characteristics, manufacturers and application features

Basic Concepts

A wire is understood as a single or multi-core structure, which can be bare (without insulation) or braided with rubber or plastic. Examples of the use of wires are motor windings, parts of radio equipment and power lines.

A cable is an assembly of one or more insulated cores having a single shell. To protect against damage, armor is placed on top.

Where is it used?

Copper wires are used to transmit electricity. They have excellent performance properties and a wide load range (60-600 V), which is why they are gradually replacing their aluminum counterpart. Product classification:

• power. They transmit current from stations to substations, industrial facilities, and utilities. Insulated with paper, rubber and plastic. There are armored cables coated with lead or aluminum;
• household They connect various electrical appliances to the network. Single or multi-core wiring;
• control. They connect electrical devices and distribution mechanisms. Allowed for installation indoors and outdoors;
• special. Signals are transmitted through them. These are high- and low-frequency products (the former are used for long-distance communications).

Note! Most often, copper wires are used to lay power lines. They have high fire safety, therefore they are in demand for enterprises where the risk of fire or explosion is high. They are used no less often in residential and public buildings.

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Flexible copper cables, also called control cables, are insulated with a rubber layer. Thanks to this, they can be used for laying even under harsh climate conditions. To improve performance, the insulation is diluted with special components.

Armored cables with double insulation are used when laying networks through tunnels, routes, air or in the ground. Graphite chips are added to their outer layer, which increases the product’s resistance to mechanical damage and fire.

These wires carry current into the house.

Advantages of copper conductors

It is not without reason that copper is chosen as a raw material for the manufacture of cable products. Compared to aluminum, it has a number of advantages:

• The resistance of copper wires is lower than that of aluminum. This allows the use of a smaller cross-sectional diameter and reduces heating losses.
• Good corrosion resistance. Complete replacement of supply networks is carried out after 30-35 years of operation.
• Plastic. Copper wire is very flexible, which makes the installation process easier and eliminates kinks.

Insulation layer

It is no secret that the insulation of copper wires prevents human contact with a potentially dangerous current-carrying circuit. Another role is to prevent short circuits between adjacent phases.

The manufacturing material is subject to strict requirements for withstanding voltage, temperatures, UV radiation, and mechanical properties. Most often used:

• PVC. It is characterized by low cost, wear resistance, and satisfactory chemical resistance. The downside is the release of harmful gases when overheated.
• Rubber. Characterized by increased flexibility and resistance to negative temperatures.
• Polyethylene. It has excellent dielectric properties, but not as good flexibility as the first two materials.
• Carbolite. A distinctive feature is heat resistance combined with sufficient ductility.

Section calculation

The cross-section of a copper wire is the area that the core has in cross section. The value is influenced by the long-term permissible load and current strength.

The easiest way to calculate the cross-section is to use data from tables that take into account operating conditions and maximum current. To do this, you will need two more indicators - the total power of electrical consumers (kW or W) and voltage (V). The first is indicated in technical data sheets or on the housings of devices, and the second for city apartments is 220 V.

Next, the obtained power values ​​are found in special tables and compared with the diameter of the conductor. Remember that in calculations it is necessary to leave a small margin in diameter. After all, when connecting new equipment, the load will increase.

NON-INSULATED WIRES FOR OVERHEAD POWER LINES AND ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORT

2.1. NOMENCLATURE

Non-insulated wires for overhead lines are intended for the transmission of electrical energy in overhead electrical networks and electrified transport lines. Under operating conditions, these wires are insulated from the ground and from each other using porcelain, glass and other insulators on which they are suspended. The distance between the wires is selected depending on the transmitted voltage. Split two to four wires are under the same voltage and are suspended on one garland of pendant insulators. The list of brands of bare wires for power lines and contact wires for electrified transport is given in Table. 2.1, and the assortment is in table. 2.2.

Table 2.1. Nomenclature of bare wires

Brand	OKP code	The wire	GOST, TU
Wires for overhead power lines
A	3511410100	Twisted from aluminum AT wires	GOST 839-80
automatic transmission	3511410200	The same, but the interwire space, with the exception of the outer surface, is filled with neutral lubricant with increased heat resistance	Same
Up	3511410300	Twisted from aluminum wires ATp	”
ApKP	3511410500	The same, but the interwire space, with the exception of the outer surface, is filled with neutral lubricant with increased heat resistance	”
AJ	3511910100	Twisted from wires of heat-treated aluminum alloy ABE	”
AZHKP	3511910400	The same, but the interwire space, with the exception of the outer surface, is filled with neutral lubricant with increased heat resistance	”
AN	3511910200	Twisted from wires of non-heat-treated aluminum alloy ABE	”
ANCP	3511910300	The same, but the interwire space, with the exception of the outer surface, is filled with neutral lubricant with increased heat resistance	”
AC	3511510100	Consists of a steel core and aluminum wires AT	”
ASKS	3511510400	The same, but the interwire space of the steel core is filled with a neutral lubricant of increased heat resistance	”
ASK	3511510200	The same, but the steel core is insulated with two PET tapes	”
ASKP	3511510300	The same as the AC brand, but the interwire space of the entire wire, with the exception of the outer surface, is filled with neutral grease with increased heat resistance	”
ApS	3511510700	Consists of a steel core and aluminum wires ATP	”
ApSKS	3511511000	The same, but the interwire space of the steel core is filled with a neutral lubricant of increased heat resistance	”
ApSC	3511510800	The same, but the steel core is insulated with two PET tapes	”
ApSKP	3511510900	The same as the ApS brand, but the interwire space of the entire wire, with the exception of the outer surface, is filled with neutral lubricant of increased heat resistance	”
M	3511110100	One or more stranded copper wires	”
B	3511630100	Twisted from bronze wires	TU 16.501.017-74
BS	3511730100	Consists of a steel core and bronze wires	Same
PS	1265000100	Twisted from galvanized steel wires	TU 14.4.661-75
PA	3511440400	Aluminum hollow	TU 16.505.397-72
PM	3511140200	Copper hollow	Same
Contact wires
BrF	3513630300	Bronze shaped	GOST 2584-75
BrFO	3513631000	Same oval	Same
MK	3513120100	Copper round	”
MF	3513130200	Same shaped	”
MFO	3513130300	Same oval	”
NLF	3513700100	Low alloy copper, shaped	”
NLFO	3513700200	Same oval	”
PKSA	1264000100	Steel-aluminum	TU 14.4.419-73

Table 2.2. Assortment of bare wires

Wire brand	S, mm2
A, AKP, Ap, ApKP	16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800
ApS, ApSK, ASKP, ApSKP, ApSKS, AS, ASK, ASKS	10, 16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 205, 240, 300, 330, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 1000
AZH, AN, AZHKP, ANKP	16, 25, 35, 50, 120, 150, 185
B	50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300
BS	185, 240, 300, 400
M	4, 6, 10, 16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300, 350, 400
BrFO, MK, MFO	30, 40, 50, 65, 85, 100
BrF, MF, NLF	65, 85, 100, 120, 150
BrFO, MFO, NLFO	100, 120, 150
PA	500, 640
PKSA	80/180
PM	240, 300
PS	25, 35, 50, 70
Notes: 1. For wires ApS, ApSK, ApSKP, ApSKS, AS, ASK, ASKP and ASKS, cross-sections are indicated only for layers of aluminum wires. 2. Numerator is the cross-section of copper wire equivalent in conductivity, denominator is the total cross-section of steel-aluminum wire.

2.2. ALUMINUM WIRES

Aluminum wires for power lines of grades A, Ap and AKP are twisted in concentric layers in alternating directions from AT aluminum wires, and wires of grades Ap and ApKP are twisted from ATp wires in accordance with GOST 6132-79. The outer heave has a right direction. The appearance of aluminum wires of grades A and AKP is shown in Fig. 2.1. In wires of the AKP and ApKP brands, the gaps between the wires (with the exception of the outer layer) are filled with a neutral lubricant of increased heat resistance. The design data of aluminum wires, weight, resistance R over a length of 1 km at 20ºC, tensile failure load and wire length are given in table. 2.3. Wire connections in a single-wire core are not permitted. In wires with more than seven wires, it is allowed to connect them in all layers. The splicing of wires is carried out in rapid succession, the distance between the places of welding of different wires or the same wire is at least 15 m.

The place where the wires are welded is annealed at a distance of no more than 0.2 m in both directions. The conversion factor of the mass of aluminum wires to the mass of copper wires is 2.

The predominant area of ​​application of aluminum wires A and AP in the air atmosphere of types I and II, subject to a sulfur dioxide content of no more than 150 mg/(m2H day) (1.5 mg/m3) on land in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69, except for TV and vehicles , and AKP and AKP wires - on the coasts of seas, salt lakes, in industrial areas and areas of saline sand, as well as in adjacent areas with an air atmosphere of types II and III, on land and at sea in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69 . The service life of wires A and AP is at least 45 years, and the wires of AKP and APKP are at least 25 years.

Figure 2.1. Bare wires A and automatic transmission

Table 2.3. Design data and parameters of aluminum wires A, AKP, Ap and ApKP

S, mm2	n*d, mm	D, mm	g, kg/km			Breaking tensile load, kN		Wire length, m, not less
			aluminum in wires	lubricants in automatic transmission, automatic transmission	R, Ohm, no more	from wire AT	from wire ATp
16	7*1,70	5,1	43	0,5	1,8376	—	2,9	4500
25	7*2,13	6,4	68	0,5	1,1650	—	4,3	4000
35	7*2,50	7,5	94	0,5	0,8502	—	5,9	4000
50	7*3,00	9,0	135	0,5	0,5880	7,6	8,2	3500
70	7*3,55	10,7	189	1,0	0,4204	10,64	11,3	2500
95	7*4,10	12,3	252	1,0	0,3147	13,77	14,6	2000
120	19*2,80	14,0	321	16	0,2510	17,97	19,6	1500
150	19*3,15	15,8	406	20	0,1978	22,75	24,1	1250
185	19*3,50	17,5	502	25	0,1611	28,12	29,8	1000
240	19*4,00	20,0	655	33	0,1230	36,68	37,8	1000
300	37*3,15	22,1	794	54	0,1017	44,27	46,9	1000
350	37*3,45	24,2	952	65	0,0848	53,2	56,4	1000
400	37*3,66	25,6	1072	73	0,0756	59,8	63,4	1000
450	37*3,90	27,3	1271	84	0,0666	67,94	69,8	1000
500	37*4,15	29,1	1378	94	0,0588	74,53	79,2	1000
550	61*3,37	30,3	1500	117	0,0540	83,59	88,7	1000
600	61*3,50	31,5	1618	126	0,0503	90,2	95,6	800
650	61*3,66	32,9	1771	138	0,0459	98,6	104,6	800
700	61*3,80	34,2	1902	149	0,0425	106,3	112,7	800
750	61*3,95	35,6	2062	161	0,0393	114,9	118,3	800
800	61*4,10	36,9	6160	173	0,0365	120,0	127,5	800

2.3. ALUMINUM ALLOY WIRES

Wires made of aluminum alloy ABE (0.3-0.5% magnesium, 0.4-0.7% silicon and 0.2-0.3% iron) are twisted from AST grade wire, which has a breaking tensile stress before twisting in wire of at least 0.24 kN and elongation of at least 1.5%. Heat-treated ASZ grade wire has a tensile failure stress of at least 0.3 kN and a relative elongation of at least 4.0%. The electrical resistivity at 20ºC of AST grade wire is no more than 3.0*108 Ohm*m, and ASZ grade wire is no more than 3.25*108 Ohm*m. Bare wires of the AZh and AZHKP grades are made from heat-treated wire of the AST grade, and the AN and ANKP grades are made from non-heat-treated wire of the ASZ grade. The wire is twisted in layers in alternating directions, the outer layer is in the right direction. The connection of wires in wires twisted from seven wires is not allowed. In wires with more than seven wires, it is allowed to connect the wires in all layers. The splicing of wires is carried out at speed, the distance between the places of welding of different wires or the same wire is at least 15 m. The place of welding of wires is annealed at a distance of 0.2 m in both directions. In AZhKP and AHKP wires, the space between the wires (with the exception of the outer layer) is filled with a neutral lubricant of increased heat resistance. Structural dimensions, weight, electrical resistance, temporary resistance and length of wires AZH, AZHKP, AN and ANKP are given in table. 2.4.

The predominant area of ​​application of AZh and AN wires in the air atmosphere of types Ι and II, provided that the sulfur dioxide content is not more than 150 mg/(m2*day) (1.5 mg/m3) on land in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69, except for TV and vehicles, and AZhKP and AHKP wires - on the coasts of seas, salt lakes, in industrial areas and areas of saline sand, as well as in adjacent areas with an air atmosphere of types II and III, on land and sea of ​​all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150- 69.

The service life of wires AZH, AZHKP, AN and ANKP is at least 25 years.

Table 2.4. Design data and parameters of wires AZH, AZHKP, AN and ANKP made of aluminum alloy

S, mm2	n*d, mm	D, mm	g, kg/km		R, Ohm, no more		Breaking tensile load, kN, not less		Wire length, m, not less
			without lubrication	lubricant	AZHKP	AN, ANKP	AZHKP	AN, ANKP
16	7*1,70	5,1	43,0	0,5	2,1130	1,9505	4,66	3,55	4500
25	7*2,13	6,4	68,0	0,5	1,3396	1,2365	6,97	5,11	4000
35	7*2,50	7,5	94,0	0,5	0,9775	0,9023	9,60	7,03	4000
50	7*3,00	9,0	135,0	0,5	0,6761	0,6241	13,83	10,14	3500
120	19*2,80	14,0	321,0	16	0,2836	0,2664	32,69	23,97	1500
150	19*3,15	15,8	406,0	20	0,2289	0,2113	41,36	30,31	1250
185	19*3,50	17,5	502,0	25	0,1850	0,1707	51,06	37,45	1000

2.4. ALUMINUM STEEL WIRES

Steel-aluminum wires consist of a steel core of twisted aluminum wires. The core of steel-aluminum wires is twisted from galvanized steel wires in accordance with GOST 9850-72. On top of the steel core in steel-aluminum wires of the AS, ASK, ASKP and ASKS brands, strands of AT aluminum wire are applied in alternating directions, and in wires of the ApS, ApSK, ApSKP and ApSKS brands, strands of ATp wires are applied in accordance with GOST 6132-79. The outer heave has a right direction. The connection of solid core wire is not allowed. In wires with more than seven wires, connections are allowed in all layers. The splicing of wires is carried out at speed, the distance between the places of welding of different wires or the same wire is at least 15 m. The place of welding of wires is annealed at a distance of no more than 0.2 m in both directions. The appearance of the AC and ApS wires is shown in Fig. 2.2. In ApSKP, ApSKS, ASKP and ASKS wires, the gaps between the galvanized steel wires of the core are filled with a neutral lubricant of increased heat resistance, and in ApSK and ASK wires, the steel core is wrapped or covered longitudinally with one or two strips of PET (lavsan) film. Design data of wires ApS, ApSK, ApSKP, ApSKS, AS, ASK, ASKP and ASKS, weight, conversion factor of the mass of steel-aluminum wires to the mass of copper wires (used when planning non-insulated wires), tensile failure load, electrical resistance over a length of 1 km and The lengths of the supplied wires are given in table. 2.5. In the marking of the cross-section of steel-aluminum wires, the cross-section of aluminum wires is given in the numerator, and the cross-section of galvanized steel wires is given in the denominator.

The predominant area of ​​application for APS and AS wires is in air types I and II, provided that the sulfur dioxide content in the atmosphere is no more than 150 mg/(m2*day) (1.5 mg/m3, on land in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69 , except for vehicles and TV; wires ApSK, ASK, ApSKS and ASKS - on the coasts of seas, salt lakes, in industrial areas and areas of saline sand, as well as in adjacent areas with an air atmosphere of types II and III, provided that the atmosphere contains sulfur dioxide gas no more than 150 mg/ (m>2*day) (1.5 mg/m3 and chloride salts no more than 200 mg/ (m2*day) on land in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69, except for TV; ApSKP wires and ASCP on the coasts of seas, salt lakes, in industrial areas and areas of saline sand, as well as in adjacent areas with an air atmosphere of types II and III on land and at sea in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69.

The service life of AS and ApS wires is at least 45 years, ApSKP and ASKP wires are at least 25 years, and ApSK, ApSKS, ASK and ASKS wires are at least 10 years.

Figure 2.2. Bare AC Wire

Table 2.5. Design data of steel-aluminum wires of the brands ApS, ApSK, ApSKP, ApSKS, ApSKS, AS, ASK, ASKP, ASKS

S*, mm2	n*d, mm		D, mm	Coefficient of conversion of natural mass to copper mass	g, kg/km					Breaking tensile load, kN, not less		R, Ohm, no more	Wire length, m, not less
	steel	aluminum			aluminum parts of all brands	AS, ApS	ASK, ApSK	ASKP, ApSKP	ASKS, ApSKS	AT	ATp
1*1,50	6*1,50	4,5	1,36	28,9	42,7	43,26	43,7	43,7	—	4,09	2,7663	3000
1*1,85	6*1,85	5,6	1,36	44,0	64,9	65,46	65,9	65,9	—	6,22	1,800934	3000
1*2,30	6*2,30	6,9	1,36	67,9	100,3	100,86	101,8	101,8	—	9,3	1,1759	3000
1*2,80	6*2,80	8,4	1,36	100,0	148,0	148,84	150,5	150,5	—	13,5	0,7897	3000
1*3,20	6*3,20	9,6	1,36	132,0	195,0	195,84	198	198	16,64	17,11	0,60298	3000
1*3,80	6*3,80	11,4	1,36	188,0	276,0	278,12	300,5	300,5	23,47	24,13	0,42859	2000
19*2,20	18*2,20	15,4	2,0	188,0	755,0	777,0	793	793	—	96,83	0,42760	2000
1*4,50	6*4,50	13,5	1,36	261,0	385,0	386,4	391	391	32,43	33,37	0,30599	1500
37*2,20	24*2,20	19,8	2,0	251,0	1357,0	1387	1420	1426	—	180,78	0,32108	1500
7*1,85	26*2,40	15,2	1,38	324,0	471,0	482	506	482	—	41,52	0,24917	2000
7*2,20	30*2,20	15,4	1,22	320,0	528,	542	565	542	—	49,47	0,25293	2000
7*1,85	24*2,80	16,8	1,48	407,0	554,0	565	596	566	—	46,31	0,19919	2000
7*2,10	26*2,70	17,1	1,37	409,0	599,0	612	643	613	—	52,28	0,19798	2000
7*2,50	30*2,50	17,5	1,21	406,0	675,0	692	723	693	—	62,64	0,20065	2000
7*2,10	24*3,15	18,9	1,47	515,0	705	718	758	719	56,24	58,08	0,15701	2000
7*2,30	26*2,98	18,8	1,38	500,0	728	743	780	744	59,63	62,06	0,16218	2000
7*2,80	30*2,80	19,6	1,21	509,0	846	866	907	869	—	77,77	0,15762	2000
37*2,10	54*2,10	23,1	2,0	517,0	1525	1552	1626	1588	—	183,82	0,15762	2000
7*2,20	24*3,30	19,8	1,47	566,0	774	788	831	789	61,73	63,74	0,14294	2000
7*2,40	24*3,60	21,6	1,47	673,0	921	937	987	938	72,66	75,05	0,12060	2000
7*2,65	26*3,40	21,6	1,37	650,0	952	970	1023	974	78,58	80,90	0,12428	2000
7*3,20	30*3,20	22,4	1,21	665,0	1106	1131	1184	1136	95,89	98,25	0,12182	2000
7*2,65	24*4,00	24,0	1,47	830,0	1132	1150	1219	1154	89,16	90,57	0,09747	2000
7*2,95	26*3,80	24,1	1,37	812,0	1186	1208	1273	1213	97,76	100,62	0,09983	2000
19*2,10	30*3,50	24,5	1,22	796,0	1313	1333	1408	1350	123,44	126,3	0,10266	2000
7*3,50	30*3,50	24,5	1,21	796,0	1323	1343	1418	1360	114,70	117,52	0,10266	2000
37*2,65	54*2,65	29,2	2,0	823,0	2428	2467	2578	2530	—	284,58	0,09934	2000
7*2,30	48*2,98	24,8	1,6	924,0	1152	1166	1264	1168	84,56	88,85	0,08799	2000
7*2,80	54*2,80	25,2	1,47	918,0	1255	1276	1368	1278	—	103,80	0,08888	2000
7*1,85	42*3,40	26,0	1,73	1052,0	1199	1211	1330	1211	81,86	85,6	0,07752	1500
7*2,00	76*2,57	26,6	1,73	1089,0	1261	1273	1396	1273	—	95,12	0,07501	1500
7*3,05	54*3,05	27,5	1,47	1090,0	1490	1514	1624	1518	115,40	120,48	0,07477	1500
7*3,40	26*4,37	27,7	1,37	1074,0	1572	1600	1707	1607	125,37	129,18	0,07528	1500
19*2,50	30*4,15	29,1	1,21	1119,0	1851	1878	2000	1904	169,74	173,72	0,07247	1500
7*3,20	54*3,20	28,8	1,47	1199,0	1640	1665	1785	1670	127,11	131,37	0,06786	1500
7*2,20	42*3,90	30,0	1,73	1384,0	1592	1606	1750	1607	107,28	112,19	0,05877	1500
7*2,20	76*2,84	29,4	1,74	1329,0	1537	1551	1689	1552	106,40	112,55	0,06129	1500
7*3,40	54*3,40	30,6	1,47	1354,0	1852	1880	2015	1885	143,45	148,26	0,06040	1500
37*2,65	90*2,65	34,5	2,0	1374,0	2979	3002	3209	3084	312,31	319,61	0,06025	1500
61*2,65	54*3,40	37,5	2,0	1355,0	4005	4054	4275	4173	461,83	466,65	0,06040	1500
7*3,60	54*3,60	32,4	1,47	1518,0	2076	2106	2260	2114	160,78	166,16	0,05381	1200
19*2,20	54*3,70	33,2	1,48	1603,0	2170	2192	2364	2209	178,15	183,84	0,05091	1200
19*2,30	96*2,90	34,7	1,48	1752,0	2372	2395	2602	2414	192,37	200,45	0,04655	1000
19*2,40	96*3,02	36,2	1,48	1900,0	2575	2599	2828	2621	209,01	217,78	0,04289	1000
19*2,50	96*3,15	37,7	1,48	2068,0	2800	2827	3072	2849	227,11	234,45	0,03939	1000
19*2,65	96*3,30	39,7	1,48	2269,0	3092	3121	3402	3149	252,02	260,07	0,03586	1000
7*3,20	76*4,10	42,4	1,48	2769,0	3210	3235	3565	3240	214,21	224,05	0,02936	1000

Table 2.5. Design data of steel-aluminum wires of the brands ApS, ApSK, ApSKP, ApSKS, ApSKS, AS, ASK, ASKP, ASKS

S*, mm2	n*d, mm		D, mm	Coefficient of conversion of natural mass to copper mass	g, kg/km					Breaking tensile load, kN, not less		R, Ohm, no more	Wire length, m, not less
	steel	aluminum			aluminum parts of all brands	AS, ApS	ASK, ApSK	ASKP, ApSKP	ASKS, ApSKS	AT	ATp
1*1,50	6*1,50	4,5	1,36	28,9	42,7	43,26	43,7	43,7	—	4,09	2,7663	3000
1*1,85	6*1,85	5,6	1,36	44,0	64,9	65,46	65,9	65,9	—	6,22	1,800934	3000
1*2,30	6*2,30	6,9	1,36	67,9	100,3	100,86	101,8	101,8	—	9,3	1,1759	3000
1*2,80	6*2,80	8,4	1,36	100,0	148,0	148,84	150,5	150,5	—	13,5	0,7897	3000
1*3,20	6*3,20	9,6	1,36	132,0	195,0	195,84	198	198	16,64	17,11	0,60298	3000
1*3,80	6*3,80	11,4	1,36	188,0	276,0	278,12	300,5	300,5	23,47	24,13	0,42859	2000
19*2,20	18*2,20	15,4	2,0	188,0	755,0	777,0	793	793	—	96,83	0,42760	2000
1*4,50	6*4,50	13,5	1,36	261,0	385,0	386,4	391	391	32,43	33,37	0,30599	1500
37*2,20	24*2,20	19,8	2,0	251,0	1357,0	1387	1420	1426	—	180,78	0,32108	1500
7*1,85	26*2,40	15,2	1,38	324,0	471,0	482	506	482	—	41,52	0,24917	2000
7*2,20	30*2,20	15,4	1,22	320,0	528,	542	565	542	—	49,47	0,25293	2000
7*1,85	24*2,80	16,8	1,48	407,0	554,0	565	596	566	—	46,31	0,19919	2000
7*2,10	26*2,70	17,1	1,37	409,0	599,0	612	643	613	—	52,28	0,19798	2000
7*2,50	30*2,50	17,5	1,21	406,0	675,0	692	723	693	—	62,64	0,20065	2000
7*2,10	24*3,15	18,9	1,47	515,0	705	718	758	719	56,24	58,08	0,15701	2000
7*2,30	26*2,98	18,8	1,38	500,0	728	743	780	744	59,63	62,06	0,16218	2000
7*2,80	30*2,80	19,6	1,21	509,0	846	866	907	869	—	77,77	0,15762	2000
37*2,10	54*2,10	23,1	2,0	517,0	1525	1552	1626	1588	—	183,82	0,15762	2000
7*2,20	24*3,30	19,8	1,47	566,0	774	788	831	789	61,73	63,74	0,14294	2000
7*2,40	24*3,60	21,6	1,47	673,0	921	937	987	938	72,66	75,05	0,12060	2000
7*2,65	26*3,40	21,6	1,37	650,0	952	970	1023	974	78,58	80,90	0,12428	2000
7*3,20	30*3,20	22,4	1,21	665,0	1106	1131	1184	1136	95,89	98,25	0,12182	2000
7*2,65	24*4,00	24,0	1,47	830,0	1132	1150	1219	1154	89,16	90,57	0,09747	2000
7*2,95	26*3,80	24,1	1,37	812,0	1186	1208	1273	1213	97,76	100,62	0,09983	2000
19*2,10	30*3,50	24,5	1,22	796,0	1313	1333	1408	1350	123,44	126,3	0,10266	2000
7*3,50	30*3,50	24,5	1,21	796,0	1323	1343	1418	1360	114,70	117,52	0,10266	2000
37*2,65	54*2,65	29,2	2,0	823,0	2428	2467	2578	2530	—	284,58	0,09934	2000
7*2,30	48*2,98	24,8	1,6	924,0	1152	1166	1264	1168	84,56	88,85	0,08799	2000
7*2,80	54*2,80	25,2	1,47	918,0	1255	1276	1368	1278	—	103,80	0,08888	2000
7*1,85	42*3,40	26,0	1,73	1052,0	1199	1211	1330	1211	81,86	85,6	0,07752	1500
7*2,00	76*2,57	26,6	1,73	1089,0	1261	1273	1396	1273	—	95,12	0,07501	1500
7*3,05	54*3,05	27,5	1,47	1090,0	1490	1514	1624	1518	115,40	120,48	0,07477	1500
7*3,40	26*4,37	27,7	1,37	1074,0	1572	1600	1707	1607	125,37	129,18	0,07528	1500
19*2,50	30*4,15	29,1	1,21	1119,0	1851	1878	2000	1904	169,74	173,72	0,07247	1500
7*3,20	54*3,20	28,8	1,47	1199,0	1640	1665	1785	1670	127,11	131,37	0,06786	1500
7*2,20	42*3,90	30,0	1,73	1384,0	1592	1606	1750	1607	107,28	112,19	0,05877	1500
7*2,20	76*2,84	29,4	1,74	1329,0	1537	1551	1689	1552	106,40	112,55	0,06129	1500
7*3,40	54*3,40	30,6	1,47	1354,0	1852	1880	2015	1885	143,45	148,26	0,06040	1500
37*2,65	90*2,65	34,5	2,0	1374,0	2979	3002	3209	3084	312,31	319,61	0,06025	1500
61*2,65	54*3,40	37,5	2,0	1355,0	4005	4054	4275	4173	461,83	466,65	0,06040	1500
7*3,60	54*3,60	32,4	1,47	1518,0	2076	2106	2260	2114	160,78	166,16	0,05381	1200
19*2,20	54*3,70	33,2	1,48	1603,0	2170	2192	2364	2209	178,15	183,84	0,05091	1200
19*2,30	96*2,90	34,7	1,48	1752,0	2372	2395	2602	2414	192,37	200,45	0,04655	1000
19*2,40	96*3,02	36,2	1,48	1900,0	2575	2599	2828	2621	209,01	217,78	0,04289	1000
19*2,50	96*3,15	37,7	1,48	2068,0	2800	2827	3072	2849	227,11	234,45	0,03939	1000
19*2,65	96*3,30	39,7	1,48	2269,0	3092	3121	3402	3149	252,02	260,07	0,03586	1000
7*3,20	76*4,10	42,4	1,48	2769,0	3210	3235	3565	3240	214,21	224,05	0,02936	1000

2.5. COPPER WIRES

Copper wires grade M are twisted from copper wires grade MT according to GOST 2112-79. The structural dimensions of the copper wire, mass, tensile failure load, electrical resistance over a length of 1 km and the length of the supplied wires are given in table.

2.6. The connection of individual wires when twisting the wire is done by welding. The distance between the points of connection of different or the same wire is at least 15 m. The place where the wires are welded is annealed on each side of the connection for a distance of no more than 0.2 m in both directions. Solid copper wire connection is not allowed.

The primary area is the use of copper wires in the air atmosphere of types II and III on land and sea in all macroclimatic regions according to GOST 15150-69. The service life of grade M copper wires is at least 45 years.

Table 2.6. Design data and parameters of copper wire grade M

S, mm2	n*d, mm	D, mm	g, kg/km	Breaking tensile load, kN, no more	R, Ohm, no more	Wire length, m, not less
4,0	1*2,24	2,24	35	1,55	4,60092	2200
6,0	1*2,76	2,8	52	2,30	3,09019	1500
10,0	1*3,57	3,6	88	3,67	1,81978	900
16,0	7*1,70	5,1	142	5,91*	1,15730	4000
25,0	7*2,13	6,4	224	9,29*	0,73367	3000
35,0	7*2,51	7,5	311	12,90*	0,52386	2500
50,0	7*3,00	9,00	444	17,50*	0,36882	2000
70,0	19*2,13	10,7	612	25,22	0,27238	1500
95,0	19*2,51	12,6	850	35,02	0,19449	1200
120,0	19*2,80	14,0	1058	43,60	0,15603	1000
150,0	19*3,15	15,8	1338	52,39	0,12338	800
185,0	37*2,51	17,6	1659	68,20	0,10015	800
240,0	37*2,80	19,9	2124	87,30	0,07890	800
300,0	37*3,15	22,1	2614	101,96	0,06379	600
350,0	37*3,45	24,2	3135	122,67	0,05309	600
400,0	37*3,66	25,2	3528	137,68	0,04713	600
* In the absence of welding of individual wires.

2.6. BRONZE, STEEL BRONZE AND STEEL WIRES

Bronze and steel-bronze wires of grades B and BS are made from BrMg 0.5 alloy according to TU 48.21.118-72. The design of wire B, electrical resistance to direct current over a length of 1 km, tensile failure load, mass and length are given in Table. 2.7, and the BS wires are in table. 2.8. Length of wires (1800±180) m. The core of steel-bronze wires is twisted from galvanized steel wire in accordance with GOST 9850-72.

PS grade steel stranded wires are made from galvanized steel wires in accordance with GOST 3282-74 group I with 1st class zinc coating. Breaking load when stretching the wire is 0.065 kN, relative elongation is not less than 6%, the number of bends is 6, the electrical resistivity at 20ºC is not more than 1.38 * 10-7 Ohm * m. The wire design is given in table. 2.9. The twist pitch of wires from 5 and 7 wires is no more than 22 >D wires, and from 12 and 19 wires - no more than 20 D. In a wire, individual wires can be spliced ​​by welding, the distance between welding points is at least 5 m. Welding points must be protected from corrosion and annealed. Wires are supplied in lengths of at least 1500 m.

Table 2.7. Design data and parameters of bronze wire grade B

S, mm2	n*d, mm	D, mm	g, kg/km	R, Ohm, no more	Breaking tensile load, kN, not less
50,0	19*1,83	9,2	452	0,624	23,80
70,0	19*2,17	10,9	642	0,447	33,48
95,0	19*2,53	12,7	872	0,326	45,51
120,0	19*2,80	14,0	1069	0,266	55,72
150,0	37*2,27	15,9	1374	0,2089	68,20
185,0	37*2,53	17,7	1706	0,1676	84,70
240,0	37*2,86	20,0	2181	0,1312	108,10
300,0	61*2,53	22,8	2801	0,1026	139,62

Table 2.8. Design data and parameters of steel-bronze wire grade BS

S, mm2	n*d, mm		D, mm	g, kg/km	R, Ohm, no more	Breaking tensile load, kN, not less
	steel	bronze
185	7*2,0	30*2,8	19,6	2088	0,1688	134,00
240	19*2,8	46*2,55	24,2	3122	0,1333	232,63
300	37*2,4	48*2,8	28,0	4102	0,1058	312,63
400	37*2,8	48*3,2	32,4	5347	0,0825	421,69

Table 2.9. Design data and parameters of wire made of PS grade galvanized steel wire

S, mm2	n*d, mm	D, mm	g, kg/km
25	5*2,5	6,8	194,3
35	7*2,5	7,5	272,0
50	9*2,3 + 3*2,2	9,2	389,4
70	12*2,3 + 7*2,2	11,5	616,6

2.7. ALUMINUM AND COPPER HOLLOW WIRES

Aluminum and copper hollow wires without a supporting support are intended for overhead power lines, for open substations and switching points. Hollow wires consist of shaped aluminum or copper wires, forming one layer and connected to each other in a lock (without a supporting frame). The appearance of the PA and PM wires is shown in Fig. 2.3. The design of hollow wires PA and PM, the weight and length of the supplied wire are given in table. 2.10. The breaking load when stretching aluminum wire before twisting into a wire is no less than 0.145 kN and copper wire is no less than 0.38 kN with a relative elongation at break of no less than 1%. The electrical resistance of an aluminum wire to direct current, recalculated per 1 mm2 of nominal cross-section, 1 m of length and 20ºC is no more than 0.0283 Ohm, and that of a copper wire is no more than 0.0179 Ohm.

Figure 2.3. Hollow wires PA and PM

Table 2.10. Design data and parameters of hollow wires of PA and PM brands

Brand	S, mm2	Number of wires	D, mm		g, kg/km	Wire length, m
			outer	interior
PA	500	12	45,0	37,0	1330	600
	640	16	59,0	51,5	1620	600
PM	240	9	30,0	23,4	2110	600
	300	11	35,0	28,0	2630	600

2.8. BRONZE, COPPER AND ALUMINUM STEEL CONTACT WIRE

Bronze, copper and steel-aluminum contact wires are designed to power electrified transport. The appearance of the contact wires BrF and MF is shown in Fig. 2.4, cross-section of contact wires BrF and MF - in Fig. 2.5, cross-section of contact wires BrFO and MFO in Fig. 2.6. The design dimensions, weight and length of the supplied wires are given in table. 2.11. The contact surface of the wires is smooth, even, without cracks, sunsets or delaminations. Wires of all types, with the exception of wires made of cadmium bronze, are supplied seamless (without soldering or welding) along the entire construction length. For wires made of cadmium bronze, the number of joints (soldering and welding} is no more than four per 1 ton.

Copper contact wire is made from wire rod of the MKLPS brand in accordance with GOST 13842-80, low-alloy and bronze wires are made from wire rod containing alloying additives and impurities (Table 2.12). The mechanical properties of the wires are given in table. 2.13. The wires are maintained until they fail in the plane of symmetry at least three kinks. The number of twists around its axis until destruction of wires of the MK, MF, MFO, NLF, NLFO brands with a cross-section of over 50 mm2 is at least four, and for BrF and BrFO wires - at least five. The electrical resistance of a copper wire to direct current, recalculated per 1 mm2 of nominal cross-section, 1 m of length and 20ºC, is no more than 0.0176 Ohm, low-alloy wire - 0.0185 Ohm, cadmium bronze wire - no more than 0.0205 Ohm, magnesium bronze - no more than 0.0220 Ohm, zirconium bronze - no more than 0.0200 Ohm, magnesium-zirconium bronze - no more than 0.0215 Ohm.

Steel-aluminum contact wires are made by joining steel and aluminum blanks using the cold rolling method. They are designed for tram and trolleybus traction. The appearance of the contact wire PKSA is shown in Fig. 2.7. Wire cross-section 180 mm2 (aluminum cross-section 125 mm2), profile height 17 mm, heads 3.7 mm, base width 14 mm, necks 5.7 mm, heads 3.2 mm. Wire weight 760 kg/km, length no less than 2300 m. The contact surface of the wire is smooth, even, without cracks, sunsets or delaminations. The wire is made of low-carbon steel in accordance with GOST 1050-74 and an extruded profile made of aluminum grades A5, AE in accordance with GOST 11069-74. The workpieces are connected by electric butt welding, the distance between the welds of aluminum and steel in the finished wire is at least 5 m, the tensile breaking load is at least 35.0 kN, and at the welding points is at least 29.75 kN. The adhesion force of steel and aluminum parts is at least 5 kN per 100 mm of length. Electrical resistance over a length of 1 km at a temperature of 20±5 is not less than 0.19 Ohm. Delamination of a wire (steel part from aluminum) at the place of greatest deformation after a single twist of 180º, followed by return to its original position on a sample 250 mm long and at the place of greatest deformation after one bend of 50º in a plane perpendicular to the plane of symmetry, and two bends of 45º in the plane of symmetry should not exceed 1.2 mm.

Figure 2.4. Contact wires BF and MF

Figure 2.5. Section of contact wires BF and MF

Figure 2.6. Cross-section of contact wires BFO and MFO

MFO, NLF and NLFO (Fig. 2.5, 2.6)

S, mm2	Dimensions, mm										g, kg/km	Wire length, m, not less
	BrF, MF, NLF				BrFO, MFO, NLFO					MK
	A	N	WITH	R	A	N	WITH	R	R1
30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6,2	267	1800-5500
40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7,1	356	1400-4200
50	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8,0	445	1100-3300
65	10,19	9,3	0,5	5,3	—	—	—	—	—	9,1	578	850-2500
85	11,76	10,8	1,3	6,0	—	—	—	—	—	10,4	755	1400-2000
100	12,81	11,8	1,8	6,5	14,92	10,5	13,0	20,0	1,8	11,3	890	1400-1800
120	13,90	12,9	2,4	7,0	16,10	11,5	17,0	25,0	2,3	—	1068	1400-1800
150	15,50	14,5	3,2	7,8	18,86	12,5	27,0	36,0	2,3	—	1335	1400-1600

Figure 2.7. PKSA contact wire cross-section

Table 2.12. Content of alloying additives in wire rod for bronze and low-alloy wires

Brand	Alloying component	Content, %
Low alloy
NLMG 0.05	Magnesium	0,04-0,06
NLCr 0.05F	Zirconium	0,04-0,06
MLOL 0.04F	Tin	0,03-0,06
NKLr 0.04F	Silicon	0,03-0,06
NLTi 0.03F	Titanium	0,01-0,04
Bronze*
BrMG 0.25F	Magnesium	0,15-0,30
BrKd 1.0F	Cadmium	0,8-1,1
BrMGTsr 0.15-0.15F	Magnesium	0,1-0,2
	Zirconium	0,1-0,2
BrTsr 0.5F	”	0,4-0,6
* Alloying component in copper.
Note. Impurities in the alloy are no more than in copper grade M1

Table 2.13. Mechanical properties of contact wires MK, MF, MFO, NLF, NLFO, BrF and BrFO

S, mm2	Breaking tensile load, kN, not less						Relative elongation, %, not less			Flexible radius, mm
	MK, MF, MFO	NLF, NLFO	BrF and BrFO, alloyed				MK, MF, MFO	NLF, NLFO	BrF, BrFO
			magnesium	zirconium	magnesium and zirconium	cadmium
30	3,97	4,02	—	—	—	—	1,5	1,5	—	10
40	3,87	3,92	—	—	—	—	2,0	2,0	—	10
50	3,87	3,92	—	—	—	—	2,5	2,5	—	10
65	3,72	3,82	4,21	4,41	4,31	4,31	3,0	3,0	3,0	13
85	3,63	3,82	4,21	4,41	4,31	4,31	3,5	3,0	3,0	16
100	3,63	3,77	4,12	4,31	4,21	4,21	4,0	3,5	3,5	16
120	3,58	3,67	4,02	4,21	4,12	4,22	4,0	3,5	4,0	18
150	3,58	3,62	3,92	4,12	4,02	4,02	4,0	3,5	4,0	20

Wire brands

The marking of the wires contains instructions on the material design. If the designation does not contain the letter “A”, then the product is made of copper. The most popular brands are:

PBPP (PUNP) - the abbreviation stands for household, industrial flat wire. This product has a cross section of up to 6 sq. mm with PVC insulation. Operates in the range from -15 degrees to +50 degrees. Suitable for installation of lighting systems.

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PBPPg (PUGNP) - unlike the previous one, contains stranded conductors. In the name, the letter “g” means flexible. The smallest bending radius is equal to six diameters. Otherwise similar to PBPP. Sold in coils of 100 m, 200 m.

PPV is a flat wire with an insulating layer of PVC plastic. The number of cores can be from 2 to 3 pieces, the cross-section being 0.75-6 sq. mm. Operates on AC or DC voltages of 450 V and 1000 V, respectively. Temperature operating conditions from -50 degrees to +70 degrees. Found application in the installation of lighting systems and power lines.

PVA is a heat-resistant, wear-resistant stranded conductor with colored PVC insulation. The cross-section ranges from 0.75 sq. mm to 16 sq. mm. Network parameters - voltage 380 V, frequency 50 Hz. Used for installing sockets and producing extension cords.

Cable flexibility classes

Depending on the number of cores and their cross-section, the flexibility may be different, so the cables are divided into six classes.

• No. 1 - wire cross-section from 0.03 to 1000 mm² with a number from 1 to 59 (normal flexibility);
• No. 2 - wire cross-section from 0.5 to 2000 mm² with a number from 7 to 91 (increased flexibility);
• No. 3 - core cross-section from 0.5 to 500 mm² with a maximum wire diameter from 0.33 to 0.87 (increased flexibility);
• No. 4 - core cross-section from 0.5 to 400 mm² with a maximum wire diameter from 0.11 to 0.69 (increased flexibility);
• No. 5 - core cross-section from 0.03 to 625 mm² with a maximum wire diameter from 0.09 to 0.61 (high flexibility);
• No. 6 - core cross-section from 0.03 to 300 mm² with a maximum wire diameter from 0.06 to 0.41 (high flexibility).

Cable classes

Cable brands

According to their purpose, cables can be power, control, radio frequency and control. Let's look at popular brands:

VVG - refers to power devices with the number of cores from 1 to 5 pcs. The alphabetic code can be translated as vinyl-vinyl-naked. Withstands humidity up to 98%, temperature -50/+50 degrees. Used as a current conductor for networks with parameters 660-1000 V and 50 Hz. The outer shell is black or gray, the insulation is colored (white, yellow and blue). It has a non-flammable version - VVGng, flat - VVGp, etc.

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NYM is a copper product with an insulating layer in the form of non-flammable polyvinyl chloride. The space between the insulation is filled with coated rubber, which ensures high strength and heat resistance. Number of cores - 1-5 pcs, cross-section 1.5-16 sq. mm.

Unlike VVG, it is more expensive and is produced only in round shapes, which is not very convenient when laying under plaster. Can be installed outdoors. The bending radius is equal to 4 sections.

KG - abbreviation means flexible cable. It is used in conditions of constant (660 V) or alternating (1000 V) voltage to power portable equipment and welding machines.

Types of cable

Depending on the operating conditions, flexible multi-core cables are divided into subtypes, which have both their own characteristics of use and differ in markings.

Power cables

The transmission of three-phase current from industrial enterprises is carried out using power cables, including flexible ones with PVC insulation. They are used for stationary installation in electrical networks where the rated alternating voltage is 0.66 kV. 1-6 kV in accordance with GOST 16442-80 for connecting non-stationary machines and mechanisms.

Note! A polyvinyl chloride coating provides low cost, but also the possibility of use in various weather conditions, since special additives to the plastic compound provide it with frost and heat resistance.

The marking is represented by the abbreviation VVG (vinyl-vinyl-naked). Depending on the features, it is supplied with additional symbols:

• VVG-P - flat cable, PVC insulation and sheath, without protective cover;
• VVGng(A) - round cable, PVC insulation, PVC sheath of reduced flammability;
• VVG-Png(A) - flat, PVC insulation, PVC shell of reduced flammability;
• VVGng(A)-LS - insulation, like the shell, is made of PVC, which has a reduced fire hazard, low smoke and gas emissions.

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Power cables withstand any temperature changes

To protect against mechanical damage during cable production, armor is used, which consists of two galvanized steel strips or intertwined steel wires, which are necessary to isolate the core from possible mechanical damage. This product is used both when laying underground power lines and in open spaces where mechanical damage is likely.

Reservation scheme

Armored power cables are marked with the letter code VBSH (vinyl-armor-hose) with additional symbols indicating the peculiarity of this cable:

• VBShv - cable armored with two galvanized steel strips, with a PVC protective hose;
• VBShvng(A) - armored with two galvanized steel strips, protective hose made of low-flammability PVC;
• VBShvng(a)-LS - armored with galvanized strips with PVC insulation and a protective hose of reduced fire hazard.

Note! Additionally, they can be marked with a digital code indicating the number of cores and cross-sectional size, for example, 4×1.5 - marking a four-core cable with a cross-section of 1.5 mm².

Wires

The main difference between a wire and a cable is the way it is laid; it cannot be used underground or underwater. They also have one or more aluminum or copper cores and PVC insulation. Wires with copper conductors are characterized by increased electrical conductivity, higher ductility and are more often used in household power supply than in industrial power supply.

Stranded copper wires in PVC

Marked with an alphanumeric code with the following designations:

• P - wire;
• B - PVC insulation;
• G - flexible.

The numbers indicate the number of cores and their cross-section.

Wires of grades PV1, PV2, PV3, PV4 are copper with polyvinyl chloride insulation, where the numbers indicate the flexibility class.

• PPV - two or three-core, flat with PVC insulation (used in lighting systems laid on walls);
• PVA - copper with twisted conductors in PVC insulation (used in everyday life as an extension cord, as well as for connecting household appliances, for example, vacuum cleaners);
• PBPP, PUNP - copper with PVC insulation, containing two or three cores (used in low current devices).

Cables for information transmission

The main characteristics of cables for information transmission include their flexibility, moisture resistance and low resistance of the conductor itself, which ensures data transmission with minimal delays. This applies to television, communication channels, etc. Therefore, cables with copper conductors in PVC insulation are most often used for these purposes.

For your information! RK-75, produced in accordance with GOST 11326, is often used as antenna cables that must provide high-speed signal transmission for radio and television. RK-75 has one or more copper cores and PVC insulation, which allows it to be used outdoors.

RK-75 are suitable for connecting antennas

Among the multi-core RK-75, the following modifications are distinguished:

• RK 75-2-13M. It consists of a stranded inner conductor insulated with solid polyethylene from the outer conductor, which is a braided copper wire. This radio frequency cable is used in television for transmitting satellite and cable television signals, as well as as a connection for video surveillance systems. The PVC shell allows it to be used both indoors and outdoors;
• RK 75-3-34M is a cable used in radio frequency communications, consisting of a multi-wire inner conductor and a braid of copper wires, separated by insulation made of porous polyethylene foam with white PVC insulation.

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Important! The service life of such cables is 12 years.

The cables used to transmit digital information with minimal electromechanical interference are so-called twisted pair cables. Used primarily in computer networks and represents a physical medium for data transmission.

A twisted pair is a system of insulated conductors twisted together and combined into a single shell. Depending on the operating conditions, twisted pairs are produced in various modifications. They come in both shielded and unshielded, with the number of pairs from one to one hundred and in various shells.

Twisted pair cable is suitable for connecting a modem

The following concepts are used in labeling:

• F/FTP, S/FTP, S/STP - cables shielded with foil and/or braid;
• U/UTP - unshielded.

Types of shells are designated as follows: PVC shell - PVC, PVC shell fire-resistant, UV-resistant - FR-PVC.

Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coatings can also be used.

Special twisted pairs include the following:

• FR-LSZH - do not emit smoke and do not support combustion;
• Plenum - self-extinguishing cables that do not ignite again. Used in air ducts.

LED and electroluminescent

For decorative purposes, flexible LED and electroluminescent wires are used.

An LED cable is a flexible wire with a copper core that conducts current. Along it there are additional wires with multi-colored LEDs connected in series at a distance of 2 cm.

LED wires are more for decoration

Electroluminescent wires are thin cords made of polyvinyl chloride, inside of which there are copper conductors coated with a special substance - electroluminescent phosphor. The glow appears due to the effect of electroluminescence when exposed to alternating electric current. The central wire of such a cable is wrapped around a second contact - two wires, while the electroluminophor is covered with a thin layer of dielectric.

Note! The entire structure is enclosed in a PVC shell, which can be either transparent or colored.

Special types

Special-purpose cables and wires are designed specifically for operating conditions that differ from the average. These include both high humidity and abnormal weather conditions, as well as the aggressive environment in which the products are located.

Special cables are needed for aggressive environments

Marine cables intended for operation in conditions of high humidity can be produced either in PVC insulation or in a rubber sheath. Depending on the technical conditions, they are produced with increased fireproof properties, in which combustion does not spread in the bundles.

For rolling stock they are produced mainly in a cold-resistant PVC shell and are used in the operation of trolleybuses and rail transport.

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When carrying out geophysical work, cables are used that can withstand the temperature range from −40 °C to 50 °C.

Compound

The quality of the connection of copper wires directly affects the electrical contact. There are several connection methods:

Twisting. The easiest option involves removing the insulation and twisting the bare wires. After which the product is re-insulated using PVC tape or special caps. Dissimilar alloys cannot be twisted.

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Soldering. The work takes longer than twisting. But the process guarantees a reliable connection. To solder copper wires, you need solder and rosin.

Terminal blocks. This is an insulating plate on which the contacts are located. Ideal for assembling dissimilar materials. Depending on the type of conductor fixation, they are available with a tightening screw or clamping plates.

Spring terminals. Fast and effective option. It is enough to tear off the insulation, exposing the core, and insert the terminal with a spring clip.

Photos of copper wires and cables

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