✅ Identification of the motion sensor on the diagram

A motion sensor is most often used to turn on lights when you pass or are near them. With its help, you can save electricity and save yourself from having to flip the switch. This device is also used in alarm systems to detect unwanted intrusions. In addition, they can also be found on production lines, where they are needed to automatically perform any technological tasks. Motion sensors are sometimes called presence sensors.

Types of motion sensors

The motion sensor can be made in one housing or in different housings (the control unit is separate from the sensor).

Contact

The simplest option for a motion sensor is to use a limit switch or reed switch. A reed switch (sealed contact) is a switch that is activated when a magnetic field appears. The essence of the work is to install a limit switch with normally open contacts or a reed switch on the door, when you open it and enter the room, the contacts will close, turn on the relay, and it will turn on the lighting. Such a diagram is shown below.

Infrared

They are triggered by thermal radiation and react to temperature changes. When you enter the field of view of such a sensor, it is triggered by thermal radiation from your body. The disadvantage of this detection method is false positives. Thermal radiation is inherent in everything that is around. Here are some examples:

1. An IR motion sensor is installed in a room with an electric heater, which periodically turns on and off using a timer or thermostat. When the heater is turned on, false alarms may occur. You can try to avoid this by taking a long time and carefully adjusting the sensitivity, as well as by trying to direct it so that there is no heater in the direct line of sight.

2. When installed outdoors, it may be triggered by gusts of warm wind.

Overall these sensors work fine and are the cheapest option. A PIR sensor is used as a sensitive element; it creates an electric field proportional to thermal radiation.

But the sensor itself does not have a wide directionality; a Fresnel lens is installed on top of it.

It would be more correct to say - a multi-segment lens, or multilens. Pay attention to the window of such a sensor, it is divided into sections; these are lens segments; they focus the incoming radiation into a narrow beam and direct it to the sensitive area of the sensor. As a result, radiation beams from different directions fall on the small receiving window of the pyroelectric sensor.

To increase the efficiency of motion detection, dual or quad sensors or several separate ones can be installed. Thus, the field of view of the device expands.

Based on the above, it should also be noted that the sensor should not be exposed to light from the lamp, and there should be no incandescent lamps in its field of view, this is also a strong source of IR radiation, then the operation of the system as a whole will be unstable and unexpected. IR rays don't travel well through glass, so it won't work if you're walking behind a window or glass door.

This is the most common type of sensor; you can buy it or you can assemble it yourself, so let’s look at its design in detail.

How to assemble an IR motion sensor with your own hands?

The most common option is the HC-SR501. It can be bought in a radio parts store, on Aliexpress, and is often supplied in Arduino kits. Can be used in conjunction with a microcontroller or independently. It is a printed circuit board with a microcircuit, wiring and one PIR sensor. The latter is covered with a lens, there are two potentiometers on the board, one of them regulates the sensitivity, and the second is the time at which a signal is present at the sensor output. When motion is detected, a signal appears at the output and lasts for the set time.

It is powered by a voltage of 5 to 20 volts, operates at a distance of 3 to 7 meters, and the output signal lasts from 5 to 300 seconds, you can extend this period if you use an NE555 monostable, a microcontroller or a time delay relay. The viewing angle is about 120 degrees.

The photo shows the sensor assembly (left), the lens (bottom right), and the reverse side of the board (top right).

Let's take a closer look at the board. There is a sensitive element on its front side. On the back there is a microcircuit, its wiring, on the right there are two trimming resistors, where the top one is the signal delay time, and the bottom one is the sensitivity. In the lower right part there is a jumper for switching between modes H and L. In mode L, the sensor produces an output signal only for the period of time set by the potentiometer. Mode H produces a signal while you are in the range of the sensor, and when you leave it, the signal will disappear after a time set by the upper potentiometer.

If you want to use a sensor without microcontrollers, then assemble this circuit, all elements are labeled. The circuit is powered through a quenching capacitor, the supply voltage is limited at 12V using a zener diode. When a positive signal appears at the sensor output, relay P is turned on through an NPN transistor (for example BC547, mje13001-9, KT815, KT817 and others). You can use a car relay or any other with a 12V coil.

If you need to implement some other functions, you can use it in conjunction with a microcontroller, such as an Arduino board. Below is the connection diagram and program code.

Ultrasonic

The emitter operates at high frequencies - from 20 kHz to 60 kHz. This leads to one problem - animals, such as dogs, are sensitive to these frequencies, moreover, they are used to scare them away and train them. Such sensors can irritate them and this causes problems.

The ultrasonic motion sensor operates on the Doppler effect. The emitted wave, reflected from a moving object, returns and is received by the receiver, while the wavelength (frequency) changes slightly. This is detected and the sensor produces a signal that is used to control a relay or triac and switch the load.

The sensor processes movements well, but if the movements are very slow, it may not work. The advantage is that they are not sensitive to changes in environmental conditions.

Laser or photo sensors

They have an emitter (for example, an IR LED) and a receiver (a photodiode of a similar spectrum). This is a simple sensor, it can be implemented in two versions:

1. The emitter and photodiode are mounted in the passage (controlled area) opposite each other. When you pass through it, you block the radiation and it does not reach the receiver, then the sensor is triggered and the relay is turned on. This can also be used in alarm systems.

2. The emitter and the photodiode are located next to each other, when you are in the range of the sensor, the radiation is reflected from you and hits the photodiode. This is also called an obstacle sensor and is successfully used in robotics.

Designation of the motion sensor in the diagram

MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MAIN DIRECTORATE OF NON-DEPARTMENTAL SECURITY

TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT FOR OBJECT SECURITY SYSTEMS. CONVENTIONAL GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS OF SYSTEM ELEMENTS

This document was developed by the staff of the Research Institute: Yu.A. Safonov, A.V. Shepelev, S.N. Voronkov, N.A. Salapina, N.P. Ivanov with the participation of specialists from the private security departments at the Moscow City Internal Affairs Directorate and the Moscow Region Main Internal Affairs Directorate, as well as specialists and approved by the Main Directorate of Private Security (GUVO) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on July 9, 1999.

The document has been assigned a symbol confirming its departmental affiliation.

This document includes the current RD 78.B0.01-99 “Technical means of facility security systems. Symbols of conventional graphic elements of systems. Part 1. Technical means of security and fire alarm systems.

1 AREA OF USE

This guidance document (RD) applies to conventional graphic symbols (GID) of technical means of newly developed and modernized security systems of objects (SBO) and can be used by design, construction and other organizations and enterprises involved in the design, construction, technical and organizational support of the functioning of SBO .

2 REGULATORY REFERENCES AND INFORMATION SOURCES

The following sources were used in developing this document:

GOST 26342-84 Security, fire and security-fire alarm systems. Types, main parameters and sizes

GOST R 50775-95 Alarm systems. Part 1. General requirements. Section 1. General provisions

GOST R 51241-98 Technical means of protection and security. Access control and management tools and systems. Classification. General technical requirements. Test methods

RD 25.953-90 Automatic fire extinguishing, fire, security and fire alarm systems. Symbols of conventional graphic elements of systems

Selection and application of television video monitoring systems:

Recommendations (R 78.36.002-99). - M.: Scientific Research Center "Security", 1999. - 51 p.

Directory of technical engineers and electricians of technical means of security and fire alarm systems. - M.: Scientific Research Center "Security", 1997.-262 p.

3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The following definitions and abbreviations are used in this RD:

— Object Security System (FSS)

- a set of jointly operating technical means, methods and measures, created and maintained to ensure the normal operation of the object and to prevent and/or exclude accidental or unauthorized access of people and vehicles in order to disrupt the operation of the protected object.

— Security and fire alarm system (OPS system)

— a set of jointly operating technical means for detecting the appearance of signs of an intruder at protected objects and/or a fire at them, transmitting, collecting, processing and presenting information in a given form.

— Access control and management tools and systems (ACS)

— a set of jointly operating technical means of control and management (mechanical, electromechanical, electrical, electronic devices, structures and software) that have technical, information, software and operational compatibility and monitor and manage access of people and vehicles.

— Television surveillance system (STN)

— a set of jointly operating technical means that have technical, information, software and operational compatibility and carry out television surveillance.

— Module

- a unified unit, designed structurally as an independent product and performing a specific function in the technical means of the SBO.

— Panel

— a structural part of the control panel for SBO technical equipment, where control, monitoring and signaling organs are located.

Video surveillance system using autonomous cameras with Savecam cloud service.

Matrix 2 Megapixel 1/3″ Progressive CMOS Lens 4.3mm (included) Maximum resolution - 1280x1024 (30 fps) Removable IR filter IR illumination 20 m Video compression H.264/MJPEG Slot for MicroSD up to 32 GB IP66 housing Operating temperatures -40

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4 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS

4.1 Technical means of fire and security alarm systems

4.1.1 Wired systems and notification media

Types of devices

Motion sensors are distinguished by their operating principle; their operation, accuracy and features of use depend on this. Each of them has strengths and weaknesses. The final price of such a sensor also depends on the design and type of element used. The motion sensor can be made in one housing or in different housings (the control unit is separate from the sensor).

Related material: How to make an antenna for digital television with your own hands.

Contact options

Contact motion sensor.

Infrared

The IR motion sensor is located in a room with an electric heater, which periodically turns on and off using a timer or thermostat. When the heater is turned on, false alarms may occur. You can try to avoid this by taking a long time and carefully adjusting the sensitivity, as well as by trying to direct it so that there is no heater in the direct line of sight.
When installed outdoors, it may be triggered by gusts of warm wind.

Overall these sensors work fine and are the cheapest option. A PIR sensor is used as a sensitive element; it creates an electric field proportional to thermal radiation. But the sensor itself does not have a wide directionality; a Fresnel lens is installed on top of it.

Infrared motion sensor

To increase the efficiency of motion detection, dual or quad sensors or several separate ones can be installed. Thus, the field of view of the device expands.

DIY IR sensor.

Laser or photosensor

A laser sensor is a pair of elements, an emitter and a receiver, and the emitter can be in the IR spectrum so as to be undetectable by the human eye. Such sensors are used in alarms; when you cross a laser beam, it does not reach the photodetector (photoresistor or photodiode) and the circuit generates a signal about the presence in the room.

How to make a Kharchenko antenna for T2 with your own hands.

Design and circuit of a three-phase transformer.

What is the difference between a starting capacitor and a working capacitor?

How to use this signal depends on further connections; you can turn on the light through a time relay or siren or a signal to the security and safety system control unit. Another type of photo sensors looks like this: the LED emitter and receiver are not installed opposite each other, but nearby, in the same plane, the radiation is reflected and hits the optical receiver, when you enter the field of view of the sensor, the motion sensor is triggered. Another name is obstacle sensor.

Pros and cons of a photosensor

Simplicity of the device

Cheap components

Narrow field of view

Specificity of application

Microwave device

Microwave motion sensor - works on the principle of a radio receiver-transmitter. High-frequency oscillations are generated in the circuit and received here; the receiving part is configured in this way: when no one is nearby, the relay is turned off. When you enter the working area of the receiver, the oscillation frequency changes, as a result of which a signal is sent from the detector diode that you need to turn on the power element and apply voltage to the load. Disadvantages: High-frequency radiation is harmful to health (although you carry a smartphone in your pocket, there is even more radiation). Relatively high cost. False alarms are possible due to impacts outside the observed area.

It will be interesting➡ How to make a pass-through switch out of an ordinary switch with your own hands

Sensitivity allows you to detect an object behind a door or glass, for example; detects even the slightest movements. The ultra-high frequency motion sensor relies on the Doppler effect. The sensor, emitting and receiving electromagnetic waves, records the presence of warm-blooded creatures in the control sector. It is easier to make a motion sensor with your own hands with an antenna that has a comprehensive radiation pattern, then it will react regardless of where the influence comes from. At a distance of 5 m it works reliably. A wave of your hand is enough for the sensor to work.

Microwave motion sensor.

Initially, when the device is turned on, the output of the device will have a voltage close to zero. When the sensor detects a violation of the security sector, the output voltage will rise to 3-5 volts. According to the diagram, the reverse switching should occur in no less than 30 seconds. By changing the values of capacitors and resistors, you can adjust it. Having acquired the entire list of elements indicated in the presented circuit diagram, the entire device can be placed on two printed circuit boards measuring 5x4 cm, and on one of them the transceiver with an antenna will occupy the largest part.

A feature of the microwave sensor that is related to the method of detecting a person is the ability to detect movement through radio-penetrable obstacles. This is its advantage and disadvantage at the same time. The resulting device has the following parameters:

supply voltage 5-15 V;
current consumption 3 mA;
transmitter power 2 mV;
temperature range -20 +50 degrees Celsius;
control sector – 360⁰;
detection range up to 8 m;
shutdown delay – 30 s.

Schematic diagram of a microwave motion sensor

The sensor housing can be of any shape, but the material must be radio-permeable. During setup, you need to position it correctly. It is necessary to consider what materials the walls, floor and ceiling of the room are made of. The device does not need to be directed towards the window; false alarms are possible from people passing outside the window. If necessary, you can reduce the sensitivity, this will also reduce the number of false alarms. This is done by resistor R4. It changes the gain of transistor VT1.

The comparator, assembled on the K554 CA1 chip, compares the signal from the receiver and the threshold level. If it is exceeded, the sensor is triggered. When assembling this device, you need to proceed in this order:

prepare the power supply. To do this, you need to cut off the connector from it, and then use a volt-ohmmeter to determine where the “plus” is located;
solder a resistor to the positive contact;
also, using a soldering iron, connect the cathode of the photodiode to the positive of the resistor;
then you need to solder the anode of the photodiode, as well as the emitter of transistor VT1, to the minus of the trimming resistor;
after this, the emitter of VT2 must be soldered to the negative of the resistor, and the collector of VT 2 to one of the contacts of the reed relay. The second relay contact is connected to the power supply;
A laser pointer is most often used in homemade sensors, so it is easiest to use. To save money, 2 additional wires are connected to the power supply;
The screw must be inserted into the plumbing gasket. Its cap should be placed inside the pointer so that it rests against the spring;
one power wire must be connected to the screw, and the second is inserted between the body of the laser pointer and the plumbing gasket.

Before turning on the DD, you need to make sure that the assembly is correct by checking the diagram. After this, you can connect the device and check its operation.

Schematic diagram of a microwave motion sensor.

Graphic and letter symbols in electrical circuits

Just as it is impossible to read a book without knowing the letters, it is impossible to understand any electrical drawing without knowing the symbols.

In this article, we will look at the symbols in electrical diagrams: what types there are, where to find the decoding if it is not indicated in the project, how this or that element on the diagram should be correctly designated and labeled.

But let's start a little from afar. Every young specialist who comes to design begins either by folding drawings, or by reading regulatory documentation, or by drawing “this” according to this example. In general, normative literature is studied in the course of work and design.

It is impossible to read all the normative literature related to your specialty or even a narrower specialization. Moreover, GOST, SNiP and other standards are periodically updated. And each designer has to monitor changes and new requirements of regulatory documents, changes in the lines of electrical equipment manufacturers, and constantly maintain their qualifications at the proper level.

Remember Lewis Carroll in Alice in Wonderland?

“You have to run as fast as you can just to stay in place, and to get somewhere, you have to run at least twice as fast!”

This is not my way of whining about “how hard the life of a designer is” or boasting “look, what an interesting job we have.” That's not what we're talking about now. Given such circumstances, designers adopt practical experience from more experienced colleagues; they simply know how to do many things correctly, but do not know why. They work according to the principle “That’s the way it is here.”

Designation of sockets on electrical network drawings: what does the schematic image look like?

The designation of sockets on a plan or diagram is conditional. Detailed parameters (for example, height) are not specified. The drawing must include not only the symbols of sockets and switches, but also distribution boxes. Let's see how the socket is indicated on the diagram. In the drawings you can see a schematic representation of a surface-mounted and plug-in socket (with and without grounding). On diagrams, electrical outlets are depicted as two dots at the end of a wire or as a square with two dots.

Types and types of electrical circuits

Before talking about symbols on diagrams, you need to understand what types and types of diagrams there are. On July 1, 2009, GOST 2.701-2008 “ESKD. Scheme. Types and types. General requirements for implementation." In accordance with this GOST, schemes are divided into 10 types:

Electric scheme
Hydraulic circuit
Pneumatic circuit
Gas circuit
Kinematic scheme
Vacuum circuit
Optical circuit
Energy scheme
Division scheme
Combined scheme

Types of schemes are divided into eight types:

Structural diagram
Functional diagram
Schematic diagram (complete)
Connection diagram (installation)
Connection diagram
General scheme
Layout diagram
Combined scheme

As an electrician, I am interested in circuits of the “Electrical circuit” type. In general, the description and requirements for circuits are given in GOST 2.701-2008 using the example of electrical circuits, but since January 1, 2012 GOST 2.702-2011 “ESKD. Rules for the execution of electrical circuits." For the most part, the text of this GOST duplicates the text of GOST 2.701-2008, and other GOSTs also refer to it.

GOST 2.702-2011 describes in detail the requirements for each type of electrical circuit. When making electrical circuits, you should be guided by this GOST.

GOST 2.702-2011 gives the following definition of the concept of an electrical circuit: “An electrical circuit is a document containing, in the form of conventional images or symbols, the components of a product operating with the help of electrical energy, and their interconnections.” Next, GOST refers to documents regulating the rules for the implementation of conventional graphic images, letter symbols and designations of wires and contact connections of electrical elements. Let's look at each separately.

How the device works

How does a motion sensor work?

Graphic symbols in electrical diagrams

Regarding graphic symbols in electrical circuits, GOST 2.702-2011 refers to three other GOSTs:

GOST 2.709-89 “ESKD. Conventional designations of wires and contact connections of electrical elements, equipment and sections of circuits in electrical circuits.”
GOST 2.721-74 “ESKD. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Designations for general use"
GOST 2.755-87 “ESKD. Conventional graphic symbols in electrical diagrams. Switching and contact connection devices."

Conventional graphic symbols (UGO) of automatic circuit breakers, switches, contactors, thermal relays and other switching equipment that is used in single-line diagrams of electrical panels are defined in GOST 2.755-87.

However, there is no designation for RCDs and difavtomats in GOST. I think it will soon be reissued and the RCD designation will be added. In the meantime, each designer depicts an RCD according to his own taste, especially since GOST 2.702-2011 provides for this. It is enough to provide the UGO designation and its explanation in the explanations of the diagram.

In addition to GOST 2.755-87, to complete the circuit, you will need to use images from GOST 2.721-74 (mainly for secondary circuits).

All designations of switching devices are based on four basic images:

using nine functional features:

More information about the location and designations of sockets in the drawings

How is an electrical outlet indicated on a drawing or diagram?

Installation of wiring in a room begins with the development of a project - drawing up and approving an electrical diagram. Symbols on construction diagrams are regulated by GOST 21.614-88.

As for the designation of the socket on the electrical diagram, it is determined by GOST 21.608-84. According to this regulatory document, all plug sockets are divided into:

those intended for open installation;
those that are installed in a hidden way;
blocks consisting of an electrical outlet with a switch.

These types of sockets can be one-, two- or three-pole. Two- and three-pole power supplies may have a protective contact.

The symbols of the socket in the diagram are shown in the photo below.

What is the difference between a wiring plan and a wiring diagram, and what are the features of their design?

An electrical wiring plan differs from a diagram in that it displays all the features of the room and can be referenced to scale.

First, the complete layout of the apartment is drawn on paper, including living rooms, bathroom, kitchen and hallway. Next, windows, doors, and a loggia/balcony are schematically outlined on the plan. You can also note the location of household appliances and furniture - this will give a complete picture of the wiring.

Next, group power lines are marked - their number depends on the area of the apartment, its layout, and equipment with household appliances. To evenly distribute the load, it is better to separate the lines for electrical appliances and lighting. Then the designation of sockets, switches, and light bulbs is made on the drawings.

The image below will show an example of a wiring plan in a two-room apartment, as well as how sockets and switches are indicated on the drawings.

Tell me, what is the optimal placement of sockets for the kitchen?

Large appliances are often installed in the kitchen (electric stove, refrigerator, dishwasher, range hood, microwave oven) - these devices require a stationary power supply. Therefore, to the question of how to place sockets for these appliances in the kitchen, there is only one answer - at the bottom.

For small household appliances that are used periodically (toaster, kettle, food processor), you can use additional power sources located in the apron or built into the countertop.

It is better to place the socket for the hood above the kitchen unit. If the hood is built-in, it is better to place the power source inside the cabinet in which it is built. You can also place sockets for furniture lighting on top.

It is prohibited to place an outlet in the kitchen:

above the sink;
stove;
directly behind the body of the household appliance.

How to correctly mark switches on construction diagrams?

Like sockets, light switches are included in the design documentation. Let's look at how the light switch is indicated on the diagram.

The designation of switches is regulated by GOST 21.614-88 and depends on their design, operating parameters and degree of protection. Structurally, switches are divided into single (double or triple), two- and three-pole. There are also separate designations for open and closed installation switches, models with different degrees of protection.

This GOST also defines designations for switches - electromechanical devices that are used to connect/disconnect electrical circuits.

Are there rules governing the number and placement of outlets in a house or apartment?

There are no clear rules regulating the location of sockets in an apartment or private house. SP 31-110 of 2003 recommends installing switches on the side of the door handle. For convenient use of the electricity source, it should be located no higher than 1 m from the floor. Installation of sockets under the ceiling is allowed if they are controlled using a cord.

For safety reasons, the socket should be located at a distance of 0.5 m from the gas pipeline and 0.6 m from the sink, sink, shower.

How and where to place sockets in an apartment depends on the purpose of the room. In the hallway, one socket in the corner near the baseboard is enough to charge the phone. In the bathroom you can install 1-2 sockets (near the mirror and for the washing machine), in the kitchen and living room - 2-4 (depending on the number of household appliances).

Motion sensor circuit.

A motion sensor circuit is a circuit of an electronic infrared device that allows you to detect the presence and movement of a person, and also helps to switch power to lighting devices and other electrical equipment.

Motion sensors are a great purchase for those who value the security of their home. They are not only convenient helpers, but also means of saving energy: sensors turn on the light when entering a room and turn it off when leaving.

The principle of operation of a motion sensor is very simple - when movement appears in its sensitivity area, the electrical circuit is closed and all devices connected to it are turned on. When there is no movement, the circuit automatically opens and all connected devices turn off automatically.

To easily calculate the required number of lamps, use the Calculator for calculating the number of lamps.

In this article we will look at a motion sensor for lighting the ultralight ask 1403 model with a viewing angle of 180 degrees.

As a rule, motion sensors are used to automatically turn on lighting, but these devices are also used for other purposes. There are also motion sensors with a viewing angle of 360 degrees.

Such a sensor is capable of detecting movement from any direction. This makes it a useful device if you own a store, office, or other facility that needs an alarm. In this case, the security alarm is connected in series to the sensor.

Typical motion detector circuit

All models of volumetric infrared motion sensors are similar in circuitry and design. There may be differences in some electrical parameters and housing design. The motion sensor circuit consists of the following elements:

PIR sensor;
Operational amplifier;
Thermal compensation circuit;
Comparator;
Relay.

Passive Infrared Sensor records the temperature of a foreign object caught in the capture zone. The signal is amplified by an operational amplifier and sent to a comparator, which compares the signal corresponding to the ambient temperature and the signal received from the PIR sensor. The difference in signal levels indicates the presence of a thermal background of a foreign object. The difference potential causes the relay to operate, the contacts of which can be used to switch on various devices.

Operating principle of an infrared motion sensor

If the room temperature approaches the temperature of the human body, which could interfere with the operation of the device, the temperature compensation system is activated. The popular model of infrared motion sensor Colt 10 DP has the following main characteristics:

Object detection zone – 10 meters 90°;
Does not react to animals up to 10 kg;
3 sensitivity settings;
Digital thermal compensation circuit;
Not susceptible to electromagnetic radiation up to 50 V/m;
Has protection against static electricity;
Supply voltage – 9-16 V;
Operating temperature range -25… + 60°С.

The sensor circuit contains a solid-state relay, which can be used to control external devices.

The figure below shows a typical motion sensor circuit using the LX-02 as an example.

Diagram of a typical motion detector using the example of LX02

Motion sensor connection diagram to the lamp.

Installing a motion sensor is a fairly simple process. It is similar to connecting a regular switch. The motion sensor closes and opens the electrical circuit into which the lamp is connected in series. This is the similarity between the diagrams for connecting a motion sensor and a switch to a lamp .

When purchasing a motion sensor, you should be provided with standard installation, configuration and connection instructions. Another option for studying the connection diagram is to depict it on the device body.

Once you remove the back cover, you will find a terminal block and three colored wires that are connected to it - these will come out from inside the case. These wires are connected to terminal clamps. If a stranded wire is used for connection, special insulated lugs NSHVI are best suited.

Choosing a location for installing a light motion sensor

Before installing a motion sensor, in order to ensure its reliable operation and eliminate false ones, you need to take a responsible approach to choosing the installation location. It is necessary not only to provide the necessary detection zone, but also to protect the motion sensor from the influence of external factors that cause false alarms or block the operation of the sensor and take into account the need to connect it to the electrical wiring.

It is not recommended to install motion sensors near electric and central heating radiators and pipes supplying hot water, in close proximity to air conditioners, near thermal and electrical appliances that emit electromagnetic interference.

Even if you take into account all the recommendations and understand the technical characteristics, it is theoretically difficult to correctly choose the best location for installation without practice. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct a little research before performing electrical installation work.

Let's look at the features of the circuit diagram for connecting a motion sensor.

The sensor is powered from the network via two wires: phase L (brown wire) and zero N (blue wire). The phase after leaving the sensor arrives at one end of the incandescent lamp. The second end will be connected to wire N - zero.

When the sensor detects movement, it is triggered and the relay contact closes, the phase comes to the lamp, and it, accordingly, turns on.

Since the connection terminal block is equipped with screw clamps, the wires to the sensor must be connected using NShVI lugs.

It is better to connect the phase wire according to the schematic diagram. A similar motion sensor circuit should be indicated in the instructions.

After connecting the wires to the sensor, you can put on the cover and proceed to connecting the wires to the junction box.

Seven wires enter the distribution box: 2 supply wires, 3 from the sensor and 2 from the lamp. In the power cable, the phase has a brown wire color, and the zero is blue.

Let's move on to the wires. The cable connected to the sensor has a white wire that is phase, a green wire that is neutral, and a red wire that is connected to the load.

We connect the wires as follows: we connect the phase wire of the power cable together with the phase wire from the sensor (brown and white). After this, we connect the neutral wire from the power cable, the neutral wire from the sensor (green) and the neutral wire from the lamp.

Two wires remain unused: red from the sensor and brown from the lamp. We connect them together. This completes the motion sensor circuit . Obviously, there is nothing complicated about it.

This is how the motion sensor in the box is connected. I believe that figuring out the connection will not be difficult. Now you can apply power. As planned, the motion sensor reacts, closes the circuit and turns on the lamp.

Here is a diagram of the motion sensor. The sensor is connected to the lamp. Then we apply power, the sensor is triggered by movement and closes the circuit, turning on the lamp.

An example of installing a motion sensor in an apartment

I decided to equip the toilet with an electronically controlled bidet function. For safety and energy savings, you need to turn on the bidet control device only when necessary, that is, when a person visits the toilet. The best option is to connect in parallel with the lamp. When laying wires from the lamp to the installation site of the additional socket, I decided to install a motion sensor at the same time, so that I didn’t have to touch anything with my hands at all.

It didn’t take long to choose a location to install the motion sensor. Since the toilet room is small and windowless with a single entrance door, only one place was suitable, below the lamp.

After dismantling the lamp, the following picture opened. Two stranded ones were connected to two copper single-core wires by twisting with a clamp. The stranded wires, in turn, were connected to the lamp socket using screw terminals mounted in the socket. The wires coming out of the wall were very short and of different lengths.

In this case, it was most expedient to connect the motion sensor and an additional socket using a three-pin terminal block, which easily fit into the base of the lamp. The wires were aligned in length, the insulation was removed from them, the ends were cleaned with sandpaper, inserted into the terminal block and clamped with screws.

Before dismantling the lamp, markings were made to drill holes for dowels to mount the motion sensor on two self-tapping screws.

The plaster on the brick wall was quite loose, and the distance between the centers of the holes had to be maintained to the nearest millimeter. I used a simple jig and a certain sequence of drilling holes in the wall. To make the conductor, a piece of plywood was taken, in which two holes were drilled, 4 and 6 mm. After drilling the first hole in the wall, a dowel was inserted into it and the jig was screwed through a 4 mm hole with a self-tapping screw. A second hole in the wall was drilled through a 6 mm hole in the jig.

With this simple technique, using plywood trim, it was possible to drill holes exactly in the specified places.

All preparatory work has been done, and you can begin installing the electrical wiring and installing the motion sensor. But in order to carry out the work competently, and not just mindlessly connect the wires to each other, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the chandelier connection diagram.

Electrical diagram for connecting the sensor

As can be seen from the diagram, the neutral wire, which is designated by the letter N

, is connected directly to the chandelier light bulb, and the phase one, which is designated
L
, is connected to the second terminal of the chandelier light bulb through a switch.

In practice, you may encounter the fact that the switch opens not the phase wire, but the neutral wire. From a safety point of view, this is incorrect, but opening the neutral wire does not affect the performance of the chandelier. If there are many light bulbs in the chandelier or there is a double switch, then the chandelier connection diagram is more complex. To meaningfully connect a motion sensor, it is enough to consider how to connect it to a chandelier of one light bulb.

From a functional point of view, a motion sensor is an ordinary switch, only it turns off the light not from pressing the switch key with a person’s hand, but from movement in the detection zone. Since the motion sensor has an electronic circuit, for it to work it is necessary to apply supply voltage to this circuit.

Motion sensors are available for installation instead of a switch. But to connect it, you need one more additional wire and, of course, the detection zone with such an installation must correspond to the required one. Three wires sometimes fit to the switch to separately connect two groups of chandelier bulbs. If such use of the chandelier is not necessary and the detection zone is suitable, then you can install a motion sensor instead of the switch without laying additional wires by making connections in the junction box.

Wiring diagram

The simplest case is when the motion sensor is connected to the terminal block of the chandelier. Since my lamp did not have such a block, I had to install it. I made the connection according to the wiring diagram below.

As can be seen in the diagram, the phase wire is connected to the upper contact of the terminal block and from it goes directly to the terminal block terminal, designated by the letter L. The neutral wire is connected to the middle terminal of the terminal block and then goes to the terminal block terminal, designated by the letter N. It also goes to it two wires are connected, going to the light bulb and an additional socket.

Phase wire L is connected to the normally open contacts of the relay, in the same way as to the contacts of an ordinary key switch. Next, from the relay contact, the wire goes to the lower contact of the terminal block and is then connected to the lower contact of the chandelier terminal block. The second terminal of the light bulb and socket are also connected to the same contact. When the motion sensor is triggered, the relay closes the contacts and voltage is supplied to the light bulb and socket.

As a light source, you can connect not only incandescent lamps to the motion sensor, but also energy-saving LED lamps and monochrome and RGB LED strips connected through adapters. You can also connect a radio or any other device.

Before connecting the wires, prepare sections of them long enough for free connection with the terminal blocks. The insulation is removed from the ends of the wires and, according to the diagram, the wires are twisted together. After twisting, tinning with solder is performed using an electric soldering iron. If you do not plan to pass large currents, then it is not necessary to tin the wires.

When the ends of the wires are prepared, they are connected to the terminal block of the chandelier.

All that remains is to screw the base of the chandelier to the wall and screw the shade into it. As you can see, all the wires and the terminal block are hidden under the base of the chandelier and do not protrude anywhere.

I laid the wires to the additional outlet in a cable channel, since I didn’t want to scratch the wall and spread dirt. During the next toilet renovation, I will hide the wiring in the wall.

Now you need to make adjustments, set the timer time, the sensitivity of the motion sensor and the work can be considered complete.

Although the light has now begun to turn on and off automatically, out of habit, when approaching the door, the hand reaches for the switch, and when leaving, everyone constantly turns off the light without even noticing. I had to short-circuit the terminals of the switch on the wall so that it would no longer affect the turning on of the light, since if the light is turned off by the switch and turned on again, the motion sensor is triggered only after the time set by the timer has expired.

Is it possible to connect a sensor with a switch?

Sometimes it becomes necessary to connect a motion sensor to a lamp along with a switch.

The switch turns on the light fixture, and the sensor, when motion is detected, performs the same task. Many people do not understand why connect two similar devices together. Let's find out how and why this is done?

If you need the lighting to be on regardless of the light level and the presence or absence of movement, then a motion sensor circuit , where the sensor is connected to a switch by connecting a regular single-key switch in the circuit in parallel with the motion sensor.

Connection diagrams

This model is designed for direct connection of lighting devices powered from an electrical network with alternating current 220V, but is limited in the power of connected devices to no more than 1 kW.

For additional lighting control, which provides for both automatic and manual activation of the lighting device, the following diagram for connecting a motion sensor through a junction box is used.

It is possible to connect several motion detectors to control one lighting fixture. Such circuits are used to refresh staircases or long corridors that cannot be fully monitored by a single detector.

In order to increase the maximum load, use the method of connecting a motion sensor through an intermediate relay.

In this case, the maximum power consumption will be limited only by the load capacity parameters of the intermediate relay used. Thus, it is possible to connect powerful halogen spotlights with a load of several kilowatts.

When using mercury fluorescent lamps as lighting elements, it should be remembered that the period between switching on must correspond to the cooling time of the lamp.

Connecting a motion sensor with a switch - how to do it and why?

A switch connected in parallel to the sensor can be included in the circuit for continuous operation of the luminaire, regardless of the presence of movement in the response zone. The switch can repeat the operation of the sensor and allow you to forcibly control the lighting. This is a simple motion sensor circuit.

I’ll explain using an example of a situation where I need to connect a switch with a motion sensor. I live in a private house and come home late in the evening when it is dark outside, especially in winter.

So I installed a motion sensor for lighting and directed it to the entrance gate. When I enter the yard, the motion sensor is triggered and the lights turn on. I set it up for such a period of time that I could walk from the gate gate to the door of the house.

Let's assume that I need to leave the house at night (to go to the store, for example). Or I'll hear rustling in the yard and the lights aren't on. In addition, the sensor does not cover the entire yard. It turns out that I need to go outside and wave my hands in the dark until the motion sensor goes off?

That's why I needed to connect the switch along with the motion sensor. Now I just press the switch and the lamp lights up regardless of the sensor. Making such a connection is quite simple.

Now there is a motion sensor circuit, where the switch and sensor are connected together, but the lamp operates from the switch and turns on regardless of the sensor.

Functionality and features of the motion sensor

Before you learn how to install a motion sensor on a light, you need to familiarize yourself with its capabilities and varieties. This will allow you to understand what principle needs to be applied when performing installation of one type or another.

Depending on the installation location of the sensor, they are divided into:

perimetric - were used as means of monitoring large areas, in particular streets;
peripheral;
internal.

According to the method of action:

ultrasonic;
microwave;
infrared active;
infrared passive.

Based on the type of signal, sensors are divided into:

thermal;
sound;
oscillatory.

Depending on their functionality, sensors are divided into the following types:

Universal or multifunctional. They are used not only to detect movement in the controlled area, but also determine the need for switching on. If the illumination level corresponds to the specified value, the lamp does not turn on; if not, it turns on.
Rooms. They are mainly used to monitor indoor activity, working as part of an alarm system. Activate alerts.

What types of motion sensors are there?

IR detectors respond to thermal radiation emitted by surrounding objects. If they move, this is caught by special lenses. It is a passive motion sensor, as it does not emit anything into space. Resistant to sound and vibration. It is not recommended to install them in places where light rays or heat sources will be directed at the sensor. The most inexpensive and simple devices are recommended for everyday use in lighting systems. In the diagrams, the OPS is depicted as a black square with a white triangle on its right side, the top of which reaches the center of the figure;
An ultrasonic detector is an active device, like the next type of sensor. It transmits ultrasonic waves into the environment, which then return to the device, or go to the receiver if it is located separately from the transmitter. By the nature of the changes in these waves, the device judges the movement within its visibility zones. It is not recommended to use sensors of this type in rooms where there are animals, as they hear ultrasound and this causes them anxiety. On security alarm diagrams it looks like a black square, across the entire area of which there is a white triangle, pointing to the left. There is a line from its top to its base;
Microwave devices emit radio waves. They are more accurate and sensitive than their ultrasonic counterparts. Signals from such a sensor can pass through obstacles, and the level of radiation from them is so low that it will not cause any harm to living beings. Resistant to vibration and heat. The schematic representation of this device is similar to the ultrasonic one, with the only difference being that it is completely white;
combined detectors require the presence of several types of sensors within one system, which makes the device the most accurate and reduces the number of false alarms to a minimum. The symbol for this sensor looks like a white square with a black triangle on its right side, from the top of which there is a line to the opposite part of the square;
perimeter systems are located along the perimeter of the territory, covering a certain area, triggered when an intrusion into the coverage area occurs;
peripheral ones can be installed on the walls of buildings, fences, inspecting areas in their field of view;
indoor ones are intended for indoor use, have a less durable and resistant body and do not have such a wide temperature range at which they can remain operational;

Room motion sensor

single-position devices are a receiver and transmitter in one housing;
two-position - different shells for the translator and the catcher, which implies their placement in different places so that the required area is located exactly between them;
multi-position systems are equipped with several devices, which makes it possible to monitor a fairly large area using one set of security devices;
overhead sensors are the simplest, mounted on any flat surface;
built-in ones are more expensive models; they allow you to disguise them if there is a need to hide them from prying eyes, or you need to maintain the design integrity of the room. They are mounted on the same plane as the work surface, which makes it possible to disguise them if the owner so requires;
Wired detectors operate from the network and transmit a signal through wires. This results in a more stable transmission signal, which may not be available in some cases when using their wireless counterparts. In the event of a power failure, the device can be protected from shutdown by being connected to a backup generator. This is mainly practiced in large organizations, where it is undesirable to remain without power for a long time (for example, food warehouses with refrigerators), as well as in private homes;
wireless and stand-alone devices are installed if it is not possible to run a cable to the installation site. In this case, power is supplied from a battery located inside the device. And data transmission is carried out over a wireless network - Wi-Fi or GSM. This communication method is highly dependent on electromagnetic interference, the number of obstacles between the receiver and transmitter, and can also respond to changing weather conditions. But, in general, this method is the fastest and most accurate.

Choosing a motion sensor model for your home

Based on the method of detecting the presence of a person in the control zone, motion sensors are either active or passive.

Active ones work like a radar or echo sounder. They emit a signal and analyze its reflection. If the distance that the signal travels from the sensor to the obstacle and back has changed, then it is triggered. Passive sensors simply detect heat emitted by a person. There are also combined ones, which combine active and passive control methods.

Active sensors operate in ultrasonic or high radio frequencies. The ultrasonic range lies within 20,000 Hz; humans cannot hear such a sound, but dogs, cats and other animals hear it and begin to behave restlessly. If there are living creatures in the house, then it is not permissible to use motion sensors operating in the ultrasonic range.

Active motion sensors operating at high radio frequencies do not “notice” obstacles in the form of walls or furniture, and only detect the movement of objects. If installed incorrectly, they can even react to the swaying of trees outside the window or the movement of people in a neighboring apartment, causing false alarms. Moreover, they are the most expensive.

To control the switching on of lighting in an apartment, passive infrared motion sensors that respond to heat emitted by the human body are best suited. Therefore this type is the most common.

You should also pay attention to the horizontal and vertical detection angles of the motion sensor and the range. Typically, the detection area for ceiling-mounted motion sensors is 360° in the shape of a circle. Motion sensors designed for installation on walls usually have a horizontal detection angle of 180° and a vertical detection angle of about 20°.

In the drawing, blue lines indicate the outline of the room, and the figure formed by red lines is the detection zone of the motion sensor. As you can see, the detection zone does not cover the entire volume of the room, therefore, when choosing an installation location, the detection zone is the determining criterion.

The detection range of motion sensors is usually limited to 12 meters, which is quite enough for home use. If the room is large, has a non-rectangular shape or is multi-story, for example, like an entrance to a house, then in this case several devices are installed to detect the presence of a person throughout the entire area.

By design, motion sensors can be movable or fixed. The movable device allows you to change the detection zone by moving the sensor relative to the base in horizontal and vertical directions.

As you can see, this motion sensor provides the ability to change the position of its head, thanks to which, after installing it on the wall, you can change the control zone within small limits.

Adjustment

After installation, any sensor can be adjusted to the parameters of the room or the landscape design of the area. To do this, you can use the functionality on the case, the purpose of which we will consider in more detail.

Rice. 10. Motion sensor adjustment

Tilt angle.

The need to adjust the angle of inclination depends on the coincidence of the active zone with the desired path, sidewalk or porch area. If you need to move the active zone, you can adjust the sensor on the bracket. Some models use special handles for this. However, note that in models with a small vertical angle, the active zone should be adjusted not only by rotation, but also by the hanging height.

Rice. 11. Tilt angle adjustment

Sensitivity.

The sensitivity function allows you to adjust the light on depending on the size of the object. It is designated SEN on the body and can be adjusted from minimum to maximum. The lower the sensitivity you set, the worse the motion sensor will respond to small objects, for example, cats or dogs. As necessary, the sensitivity is increased so that the light turns on when the smallest member of the family moves.

Delay time.

This parameter specifies how long the light will remain on. To adjust it, you need to use the knob marked Time. As a rule, most motion sensors allow you to set the glow time from a few seconds to 10 – 15 minutes. But, if necessary, you can choose another range on the market.

Light level.

This option is available only to models with a built-in photo relay that responds to changes in time of day. On the equipment body it is marked with a LUX switch, which allows you to change the response limit depending on the decrease in the intensity of sunlight.

What types of symbols are there for security sensors on diagrams?